When people think of the history of nursing instruction many immediately think of Florence Nightingale. However, nursing goes back even supplementary than that. In fact, while the 18th century a slave named James Derham was able to buy his own freedom from the money he earned as a nurse. Nobody knew back then that a nursing instruction could be obtained in any other way than naturally hands on straight through an apprenticeship. But, today there are many ways to study and learn more about nursing. Great examples of these are online nursing instruction and nursing chronic education.
But, it took a long time for these nursing programs to develop. And, they are descendents of the first nursing schedule that was established in the 1850s in London. Japan's first nursing create was established in 1885 and the first nursing create for blacks in the United States followed the next year. The field of nursing was growing rapidly with the influences of individuals like Florence Nightingale and Claray Barton who established the Red Cross.
In the late 1800s the idea of visiting nursing was established by Lillian Wald and she began teaching a home nursing class. The American Nurses association held its first meeting and the topics discussed helped supplementary nursing education. Nurses began to be regulated on a national basis by New Zealand in 1901 and then other countries colse to the world began to result suit.
The first nursing instruction that was established in the United States on the basis of instruction rather than the needs of hospitals was at Yale University in 1923. The Yale School of Nursing had its own curriculum and students were required to meet the educational standards of the university in order to graduate. This for real set the stage for the hereafter of instruction and since then universities over the nation have advanced nursing programs of their own. Then, in the 1950s Colombia University offered a master's in nursing and was the first university to do so. This for real changed the nursing environment and allowed for nursing chronic instruction and nurses to grow in their chosen profession.
Now, more than 80 years later, a nursing instruction is ready at college campuses, via online courses, and even straight through nursing chronic education. Men and women who want to become nurses can do so colse to their schedule and take benefit of all the study options for this extraordinary profession. There are many choices when it comes to an online nursing instruction and prospective nurses should for real correlate all of the programs to ensure they are learning from the best online university and are learning as much about nursing as possible.
A Brief History of Nursing studyMales vs. Female puppy - what's the difference? I have found it to be entertaining that most often population believe that girl puppies will grow up to be more affectionate and easier to house break than males, and that boy puppies, without exception, will at last start to urine-mark his territory - thus destroying furniture and carpets.
As a breeder, I have observed female and male puppies, as well as female/male adult dogs, individually and in group environments. This chance has given me some insight to the, sometimes misleading and confusing differences between the two genders. It is leading to understand that an unaltered (not spayed or neutered) dog will behave differently than an altered (spayed or neutered) dog no matter the gender of the dog.
Considering a Female Dog? Then think This... When asked to share my concept of the temperaments between male and female dogs, I all the time start off by pointing out that the temperament of one dog can be very separate of that of another dog âEur" the sex of the dog having dinky or nothing to do with it. However, I have made some observations in regards to female puppies/dogs that I am happy to share with others.
Temperament Traits Some unaltered (not spayed) female dogs can be described as a Diva Dog. This all the time gets a laugh, especially from those who know what I am talking about. These Diva Dogs tend to be very independent preferring time alone over being petted or pampered. They can also be stubborn which can make potty training, and other obeisance training, a bit harder. I once had a 4 month old female puppy that spent the entire one hr puppy kindergarten class (2 days a week) sitting with her back turned to the other puppies in class. She would half heartily participate, if I was involved, but when it was puppy play time, she would sit finding out the fence as far away from the other puppies as she could get - giving an occasional discern over her shoulder to see if I was still there. It was confident that she did not think the other puppies worthy of her time or attention.
Alpha Leaders Observing my three adult females and two adult male dogs while they are in the kennel has given me insight as to the Dog Pack dynamics. Unaltered females (ones that have not been spayed) are commonly the ones that are in control of the pack. They determine the pecking order, and woe to any dog that does not follow orders. For this reason, an unaltered female can be intent upon showing her dominance over other females. commonly I propose population that already have a female dog in the family, and are finding to add a second dog, to get a male.
Considering a Male Dog? Then Read On... As I mentioned before, it is my firm confidence the temperament of dogs differ, just like the temperaments of humans. It would be unfair to say that human girl babies are great than human boy babies or vice versa and the same is true of puppies.
However; I have made some observations of male dogs over the years that I can share with others. Urine Marking Although it is true that unaltered (not neutered) male dogs have a greater prestige for territorial marking unaltered females can, and will, mark their territory just like males - especially if she feels threatened. I have learned that the personality of each puppy and adult dog plays a more leading role than gender. Dominance or lack of it, sociability, and or temperament is seldom specifically associated to the sex of the dog.
Neutering One option, to diminish a dogs desire to urine mark, is to think Spaying/Neutering. Although I truly believe that having a dog altered is not a substitute for training, Mar Vista Animal curative town placed in Los Angeles, points out that urine marking is eliminated in 50% of neutered male dogs. Neutered males rarely exhibit secondary sexual behavior such as 'humping', or 'marking' and lifting of legs.
Once the testosterone levels recede after neutering, most of these behaviors will disappear. The behaviors that are sometimes changed are; the interest in roaming is eliminated in 90% of neutered dogs. Aggressive behavior against other male dogs is eliminated in 60% of neutered dogs. Urine marking is eliminated in 50% of neutered male dogs. Inappropriate mounting is eliminated in 70% of neutered dogs, according to the Mar Vista Animal curative Center.
How to select in the middle of a Male Or Female PuppyDo you have a 4.0 Grade Point Average?
Neither do I.
In fact - If you are like 95% of us, then you didn't get straight A's in school and were probably a B average pupil at best.
I never conception I would be able to get into college. Even worse, I had no idea how I was going to pay for it. Fast forward a few years and I perceive that I was completely wrong! I am literally almost done with my degree and I have found ways to 'beat the system' if you will. There are so many distinct ways to pay for college and no one ever literally tells you this.
Back when I started I was literally considered to go back to school. So I started to look for distinct ways that I could pay for school.
Here's what I found:
1. The Good News - There are easy scholarships and grants available!!!
2. If you are a woman, minority, working mom, singular mother, etc, then it's even easier to get a scholarship or grant. If you man and not a minority, then don't despair. There plenty of options ready to you as well (See Step 4).
3. I found a lot of information that helped me on the governments website, Fafsa. Fafsa.edu.gov is where you need to go to start the application for a Pell Grant. There are also other grants ready there including a 00 grant especially if you are going into teaching. Remember, you don't have to pay back a Grant. Once you get one it's free money!
4. The government is not the only source for easy grant money. There are numerous incommunicable organizations that are giving away millions of dollars this year for people to use for school. The options are too numerous to list here but the best thing to do is crusade online for a scholarship or grant finder style website. These sites accumulate all the information in one place and often have great advice on how to qualify for various money sources. You'd be amazed at how easy some of them are to get. I recently found and was awarded ,000 and all I had to do was fill out a registration form. So the possibilities are out there...just take a few minutes, fill out a miniature paperwork and you'll be surprised at the options that begin occasion up for you!
Warning: Even though there are many easy scholarships available, it can take a lot of time to find them. Read step 4 again for the fasted way to find money for college.
Easy Scholarships - How whatever Can Get an Easy ,000 ScholarshipI took a look at some of the online offers for free Gps software and found, like many "free" offers there were often limits and provisos involved. Often the freeware is a scaled--down version of purchasable products. Sometimes the free goods has restricted functionality with features disabled, other products are trial--based and are disabled after a inescapable time (hours or days or use).
An example of puny free Gps software can be found at Gps Utility. The downloadable freeware is puny 100 waypoints and 500 track points. (There are 65,000 of each in the registered version of their program.) The free program gives you a good occasion to try before you buy, and this is the advantage of most free programs.
There are online sites that list discrete free Gps software and recapitulate how to use the programs after you download them. Often individuals who have used the programs themselves produce the sites. These are great because they give you an unbiased interpretation of the benefits and disadvantages of the programs before you use them.
Using free Gps software you can download programs that allow you to retrieve and display aerial photos, topographical maps, Usgs landmarks. There are programs available that allow you import scanned images and add latitude and longitude points and other data.
Free Gps software downloads are available for Pda units that are capable of communication with Gps receivers. With these downloads you can have a useful pilotage assistant, location database manager, and Gps data converter.
Programs to conduct Gps waypoint and route files are available for both Pc and Mac users. The waypoints and route files can be saved or converted to discrete formats used by other mapping programs.
If you need to transfer data to and from your Gps receiver and your home computer or laptop there are any free programs that allow you to do so. There are also programs that allow Garmin Gps receivers to "talk" to one another.
Many of the programs listed here are directed at the hiking/trekker community, but there are also free programs available for auto Gps systems and marine navigational systems. I found a consolidate of marine pilotage programs that allow you to download marine charts and plotters.
There are free Gps software programs that allow you to download road maps that might not be included in your auto--navigation system. If you intend downloading in--vehicle software, make sure that it has audio capacity, an significant security factor for motorists. One such program offers data for any countries with voice guidance in twelve languages.
Free Gps software is also available for downloading to your cell phone. This is mostly tracking software and can be phone specific. You might want to check with your carrier before downloading whatever to your cell phone to make sure that it does not incur extra charges.
As satellites are enduringly moving, it is helpful to know the optimal time for data range in your area. There is free Gps software that includes an almanac to let you know the availability of satellites at any given time.
Some of the free Gps software is brand specific. Programs designed for a Garmin receiver may not work for a Magellan, so check out the specifications carefully, especially if you intend purchasing a registered version after your trial period. Other software works with most brands.
Free Gps SoftwareIf you are looking to relocate to the Dominican Republic, or even take long vacations, you might have an interest in the schools that are available. The Dr has many English speaking schools, which makes the area a great draw for those who are looking to relocate.
People from other countries are advent to the Dominican Republic and enrolling their children in schools because of the great opportunities for learning and advancement the school theory offers. Language is not a wall in many of the schools in the Dr, which means students from distinct backgrounds can learn in a way useful to them when enrolled in a school. There are many schools to select from for those who are going to be in the Dr for a prolonged period of time.
The Santiago Christian School in Santiago is a very unique school. This school is fully accredited by the United States, and all lessons are taught in English. Currently, roughly 75% of the students are from the Dr, with the other 25% are from the United States.
This school has a curriculum taken from the Untied States educational system, and employees mostly American teachers. It teaches students from pre-k until graduation from high school.
Because of the curriculum of this school, students are able to no ifs ands or buts get into college after they graduate. The courses are closely watched and they have to meet standards in complicated areas. This makes the Santiago Christian School a very good option for those who are relocating to the area.
Puerto Plata has the Alic New World School. This school is bilingual, so it uses English and Spanish in order to teach. In addition, students can take French lessons. This school is a good option for students who want to learn how to expert complicated languages. Students are able to grasp distinct languages, which is important in the global enterprise buildings of today.
The Torre Alta Montessori School is also bilingual in English and Spanish. Students will learn both languages and be able to converse in them by the time they graduate from the school. Students are able to pick up on English and Spanish while attending this school.
The International School of Sosua allows students to earn a diploma from the United States or the Dr. This school teaches in English and it only employees certified teachers. It has high standards for education, which makes it a good option for those who plan on attending college after high school. It is important to go to a school that is recognized and respected, and students get just that when they attend this school
Santo Domingo has a bilingual school called New Horizons. This school teaches in English and Spanish, and uses a Us curriculum. This is another great option for those who intend on persisting their education.
It is very easy to merge a family into the Dominican Republic. The schools make it inherent to bring a family over to the country without sacrificing education. This has made the Dr one of the most favorite places to visit and move to in the world.
The educational standards of the Dominican Republic are very high, as long as the right school is selected. As with anywhere, there are schools that do not live up to the standard, but those are the exception to the rule. You will be able to find a school that meets your educational requirements in the Dr.
You will also be able to take advantage of a bilingual education, which is very helpful as the world changes. Now, it is more important than ever to know more than one language, and the schools in the Dominican Republic help with that.
English Speaking Schools in the Dominican RepublicWhy is it leading to set goals?
Having a goal enables you to focus your energies on devising ways to achieve it. When someone makes a decision and begins focusing on achieving a specific goal (and even great in a specific period of time), the considerable subconscious mind goes to work and begins playing with ideas and developing strategies of discrete ways to bring about the thriving completion of the goal.
When you set yourself a goal both your aware and subconscious start working on it and begin to create an action plan. You will find you begin asking yourself questions about what needs to be done to enable you to reach your goal. You may find yourselves coming up with extraordinary ideas and solutions to problems or obstacles that have been in the way of achieving your goal. Solutions and ideas that you are surprised you ever idea of may start popping into your mind.
Our subconscious is an extremely considerable tool. The more often you remind yourself of your goal, the more your mind will work on ways for you to achieve it. Some population find answers come to them when they are asleep and dreaming.
Have you ever noticed that there is no correlation in the middle of being wealthy and having a high Iq or a university degree? If there were, every doctor and university graduate would be wealthy, and as statistics show, most of them end up in the same situation as 95% of the population.
The main thing that the majority of independently wealthy population have in base is that they have set goals for themselves and achieved them. They spend time in reading and learning about wealth creation and are happy to learn from other people's mistakes and experiences, as well as their own. They set goals, and realise that they will be far great able to achieve them if they familiarise themselves with the ways in which other population acted and the things that others have done to succeed. Wealthy population generate wealth by carefully utilising the income that they have available to them to their best advantage. They know that working harder and longer hours is not the way to achieve financial freedom, instead they have to utilise what they have, and make it grow.
Setting Goals.
When you begin to work out your goals you need to make them as specific as possible. A vague idea or generalization like "I want to buy speculation properties and become wealthy" is not enough. You need to be much more detailed. "I want to own my first speculation property within six months. I will save for the legal and bank fees, and borrow 100% of the value of the property. I will find an extremely well priced, three bedroom brick veneer house that is close to schools and shopping centres. It will be either brand new or less than ten years old. It will be structurally sound, and want a minimal amount of maintenance. I will find a good agent to carry on it, who has a lot of touch and will find me a good tenant."
This is a specific goal, and you could add a lot more to it. Because your goal is specific your mind immediately begins to ask questions such as "How much money will I need for the fees and charges? How much does that enumerate to if I break it down on a weekly basis? Will I have to look at my current expenses to see where I need to cut back so as to make up the disagreement for the amount I need to save?" specific goals help you to generate specific, realistic action plans and as the old saying goes, "If you fail to plan, you plan to fail".
You will find that if you write down your goals on a piece of paper, and put it in a leading position, so that you will read it often, your subconscious as well as your aware mind will start asking questions and coming up with answers, and you will find that you have already begun to take the valuable steps to achieving your goal.
It is helpful to have a series of goals, fluctuating from daily, weekly, monthly, yearly, ten each year and thirty to forty yearly. You can all the time refine and change your goals as time goes on and situations change.
You may find that it is easier to start at the 40-year mark, and then work backwards. Try to work out what steps would be needed to achieve your 40-year goal, and spread them out over the distinct time spans, to what you would need to achieve to end up with the final result.
Try to make your goals realistic and achievable. Do not set a goal that is too hard. Set lots of small, undoubtedly achievable goals and work step by step to achieve your road to success. Stay positive. Believe in yourself and your abilities to succeed, even if other population patronise you or try to put you off, or tell you there is no point.
Setting and achieving goals help you to generate a stronger character. It is all the time helpful to remember that our brain cannot entertain both inevitable and negative thoughts at the same time. If you stay inevitable you will dispel negative idea patterns. Even if you come over exiguous obstacles that get in the way of your goals, don't give up. Focus on looking a solution, rather than focussing on the qoute - utilise a inevitable response. Focussing on looking solutions enables you to put your brain to work, to find ways around things. If you just see an obstacle as a qoute and just accept that life has dealt you a blow, and let it stop you in your tracks, then you will never learn and grow. Remember that children learn to walk by falling over. Focus on the long-term achievements that you want to fulfil, and it will be easier to overcome your problems.
Why is Goal Setting so Important?It's no news that iPods have quite a following and can be legitimately found everywhere. But, is it right to use it in the classroom? (Educators anywhere sigh collectively and shake their heads in disapproval.)
Quite obviously, students lean more (if not entirely) towards allowing iPods in school whilst most educators ban them unequivocally. Let's see how it all weighs out and get an insight for ourselves, either our children should/shouldn't carry them to school.
Cons:
a. Teachers are bothered that students might be too distracted and unable to listen to them as they conduct their lessons in class.
b. Students might download pornography or inappropriate media and bring them to school, where other students might be affected.
c. Ipods may be used as a tool for cheating. Some teachers have overheard students planning to download formulas for math exams and the like.
d. Ipods might be a target for theft.
e. Some educators are involved that students become isolated and antisocial. Instead of tuning into other people, they are left tuned into themselves.
f. Students can become so engrossed in listening to music that they may fully tune out what going on around them, causing unnecessary mishaps.
g. Students might be playing their music too loud and could cause damage to their hearing.
Pros:
a. Students find that listening to music calms them down and thus become good at school work.
b. It gives students something to do when there is downtime at school; or while riding the bus to or from school. (Watch a movie or an educational video, perhaps?)
c. Students are able to show their individuality by the kind of music they listen to.
d. Students disagree that they will become antisocial; in fact, they believe it is a good way to associate with their peers, by sharing their music with them (as there are two headphones to split with a friend.)
e. Ipods can be used to narrative lectures in class and listened to when reviewing for exams. This is also convenient when the trainer talks too fast; you can just rewind and listen again.
f. There are ready educational podcasts that students can tune in to that can aid them in their learning.
g. Students can setup educational applications such as dictionaries, bibles, and calculators thus eliminating added bulk to their backpacks/lockers.
h. Audio lessons can be listened to before class thus allowing the students more time to work while class.
i. It could be more useful for teachers (whose been teaching the same episode over and over) to narrative and podcast their lesson. That way they won't miss together with foremost points in their topic.
j. Recorded lessons can be shared with students that are absent.
k. Podcast lessons are much more accurate rather than reviewing from notes.
Langston Hughes stands as a literary and cultural translation of the political resistance and campaign of black consciousness leaders such as Martin Luther King to restore the possession of the black citizenry thus fulfilling the ethos of the American dream, which is illustrious universally every year nearby February to April.
Hughes' overriding sense of a communal and cultural purpose tied to his sense of the past, the gift and the time to come of black America commends his life and works as having much to learn from to inspire us to move transmit and to inform and guide our steps as we move transmit to originate a great future.
Hughes is also principal since he seems to have conveniently spanned the genres: poetry, drama, novel and criticism leaving an indelible stamp on each. At 21 years of age he had published in all four (4) areas. For he all the time carefully himself an artist in words who would investment into every particular area of literary creativity, because there were readers for whom a story meant more than a poem or a song lyric meant more than a story and Hughes wanted to reach that individual and his kind.
But first and foremost, he carefully himself a poet. He wanted to be a poet who could address himself to the concerns of his people in poems that could be read with no formal training or wide literary background. In spite of this Hughes wrote and staged dozens of short stories, about a dozen books for children, a history of the National connection for the Advancement of Coloured Peoples (Naacp), two volumes of autobiography, opera libretti, song lyrics and so on. Hughes was driven by a sheer reliance in his versatility and in the power of his craft.
Hughes" commitment to Africa was real and concretized in both words and deeds. The fact of his Negro-ness (though light-complexioned) has aroused in him a desire to challenge those from the other side of the color line that reject it:
My old man's a white old man
And my old mother's black
My old ma died in a fine big house
My mad died in a shack
I wonder where I'm gonna die
Being neither white nor black?
His quest for his roots was given impetus when in 1923 Hughes met and heard Marcus Garvey exhort Negroes to go back to Africa to fly the wrath of the white man. Hughes then became one of the poets who conception they felt the beating of the jungle tom-toms in the Negroes' pulse. Their verse took on a nostalgic mood, and some even imagined that they were infusing the rhythms of African dancing and music into their verse like we could sense in the reading of this poem: 'Danse Africaine':
The low beating of the tom toms,
The slow beating of the tom toms,
Low ...slow
Slow ...low -
Stirs your blood.
Dance!
A night-veiled girl
Whirls softly into a
Circle of light.
Whirls softly ...slowly,
Born in Joplin, Missouri in 1902, Hughes grew up in Lawrence, Kansas and Lincoln, Illinois, before going to high school in Cleveland, Ohio in of which places, he was part of a small community of blacks to whom he was nevertheless profoundly attached from early in his life. Though descending from a distinguished family his infancy was disrupted by the disjunction of his parents not long after his birth. His father then emigrated to Mexico where he hoped to gain the success that had eluded him in America. The color of his skin, he had hoped, would be less of a observation in determining his time to come in Mexico. There, he broke new ground. He gained success in enterprise and lived the rest of his life there as a prosperous attorney and landowner.
In contrast, Hughes' mum lived the transitory life coarse for black mothers often leaving her son in the care of her mum while searching for a job.
His maternal grandmother, Mary Langston, whose first husband had died at Harpers Ferry as a member of John Brown's band, and whose second husband (Hughes's grandfather) had also been a militant abolitionist. Instilled in Hughes a sense of dedication most of all. Hughes lived successively with family friends, then discrete relatives in Kansas.
Another important family form was John Mercer Langston, a brother of Hughes's grandfather who was one of the best-known black Americans of the nineteenth century.
Hughes later joined his mum even though she was now with his new stepfather in Cleveland, Ohio. At the same time, Hughes struggled with a sense of desolation fostered by parental neglect. He himself recalled being driven early by his loneliness 'to books, and the spectacular, world in books.' He became disillusioned with his father's materialistic values and contemptuous reliance that blacks, Mexicans and Indians were lazy and ignorant.
At Central High School Hughes excelled academically and in sports. He wrote poetry and short fiction for the school's literary magazine and edited the school year book. He returned to Mexico where he taught English briefly and wrote poems and prose pieces for publication in The emergency the magazine of the Naacp.
Aided by his father, he arrived in New York in 1921 ostensibly to attend Columbia University but easily it was to see Harlem. One of his most poems, "The Negro Speaks of Rivers" had just been published in The Crisis. His talent was immediately spotted though he only lasted one year at Columbia where he did well but never felt comfortable.
On campus, he was subjected to bigotry. He was assigned the worst dormitory room because of his color. Classes in English literature were all he could endure. Instead of attending classes which he found boring he would frequent shows, lectures and readings sponsored by the American Socialist Society. It was then that he was first introduced to the laughter and pain, hunger and heartache of blues music. It was the night life and culture that lured him out of college. Those sweet sad blues songs captured for him the intense pain and yearning that he saw nearby him, and that he incorporated into such poems as "The Weary Blues".
To keep himself going as a poet and retain his mother, Hughes served in turn as: a delivery boy for a florist; a vegetable farmer and a mess boy on a ship up the Hudson River. As part of a merchant steamer crew he sailed to Africa. He then traveled the same way to Europe, where he jumped Ship in Paris only to spend several months working in a night-club kitchen and then wandering off to Italy.
By 1924 his poetry which he had all along been working on showed the distinguished influence of the blues and jazz. His poem "The Weary Blues" which best exemplifies this influence helped start his occupation when it won first prize in the poetry section of the 1925 literary contest of opening magazine and also won other literary prize in Crisis.
This landmark poem, the first of any poet to make use of that basic blues form is part of a volume of that same title whose whole variety reflects the frenzied climate of Harlem nightlife. Most of its selections just as "The Weary Blues" approximate the phrasing and meter of blues music, a genre popularized in the early 1920s by rural and urban blacks. In it and such other pieces as "Jazzonia" Hughes evoked the frenzied hedonistic and glittering climate of Harlem's illustrious night-clubs. Poetry of communal criticism such as "Mother to Son" show how hardened the blacks have to be to face the innumerable hurdles that they have to battle through in life.
Hughes' earliest influences as a mature poet came interestingly from white poets. We have Walt Whitman the man who through his artistic violations of old conventions of poetry opened the boundaries of poetry to new forms like free verse. There is also the very populist white German Émigré Carl Sandburg, who as Hughes' " guiding star," was decisive in important him toward free verse and a radically democratic modernist aesthetic
But black poets Paul Laurence Dunbar, a expert of both dialect and standard verse, and Claude McKay, the black radical socialist an emigre from Jamaica who also wrote ended lyric poetry, stood for him as the embodiment of the cosmopolitan and yet racially inescapable and committed black poet Hughes hoped to be. He was also indebted to older black literary figures such as W.E.B. Dubois and James Weldon Johnson who admired his work and aided him. W.E.B. Dubois' variety of Pan-Africanist essays Souls of Black Folks has markedly influenced many black writers like Hughes, Richard Wright and James Baldwin.
Such colour-affirmative images and sentiments as that in "people": The night is beautiful,/So the faces of my people and in 'Dream Variations: Night coming tenderly,/ Black like me. Endeared his work to a wide range of African Americans, for whom he delighted in writing,.
Hughes had all the time shown his measurement to experiment as a poet and not slavishly follow the tyranny of tight stanzaic forms and exact rhyme. He seemed, like Watt Whitman and Carl Sandburg, to prefer to write verse which captured the realities of American speech rather than "poetic diction", and with his ear especially attuned to the varieties of black American speech.
"Weary Blues" combines these discrete elements the coarse speech of commonplace people, jazz and blues music and the customary forms of poetry adapted to the African American and American subjects. In his adaptation of customary poetic forms first to jazz then to blues sometimes using dialect but in a way radically different from earlier writers, Hughes was well served by his early experimentation with a loose form of rhyme that often gave way to an inventively rhythmic free verse:
Ma an ma baby
Got two mo' ways,
Two mo' ways to do de buck!
Even more radical experimentation with the blues form led to his next collection, Fine Clothes to the Jew. Perhaps his finest particular book of verse, including several ballads, Fine Clothes was also his least favourably welcomed.
Several reviewers in black newspapers and magazines were distressed by Hughes' fearless and, 'tasteless' evocation of elements of lower-class black culture, including its sometimes raw eroticism, never before treated in serious poetry.
Hughes expressing his measurement to write about such people and to experiment with blues and jazz wrote in his essay "The Negro Artist and the Racial Mountain." Published in the Nation in 1926
'We younger artists...intend to express our individual dark-skinned selves Without fear or shame. If white people are pleased we are glad. If they Are not, it doesn't matter. We know we are beautiful, And ugly too.'
Hughes expressed his measurement to write fearlessly, shamelessly and unrepentantly about low-class black life and people inspite of opposition to that. He also exercised much leisure in experimenting with blues as well as jazz.
The tom-tom cries and the tom-tom laughs. If coloured people are pleased we are glad. If they are not their displeasure doesn't matter either. We build our temples for tomorrow, strong as we know how and we stand on top of the mountains, free within ourselves.
With his espousal of such thoughts defending the leisure of the black writer Hughes became a beacon of light to younger writers who also wished to articulate their right to eye and exploit allegedly degraded aspects of black people. He thus in case,granted the movement with a manifesto by so skillfully arguing the need for both race pride and artistic independence in this his most memorable essay,
In 1926 Hughes returned to school in the historically black Lincoln University in Pennsylvania where he prolonged publishing poetry, short stories and essays in mainstream and black-oriented periodicals
In 1927 together with Zora Neal Hurston and other writers he founded Fire a literary journal devoted to African -American culture and aimed at destroying the older forms of black literature. The investment itself was short-lived. It was engulfed in fire along with its editorial offices.
Then a 70 - year old wealthy white patron entered his life. Charlotte Osgood Mason, who started directing virtually every aspect of Hughes' life and art. Her passionate reliance in parapsychology, intuition and folk culture was brought into supervising the writing of Hughes' novel: Not Without Lauqhter in which his boyhood in Kansas is drawn to depict the life of a sensitive black child, Sandy, growing up in a representative, middle-class.mid-western African-American home.
Hughes' connection with Mason came to an explosive end in 1930. Hurt and baffled by Mason's rejection, Hughes used money from a prize to spend several weeks recovering in Haiti. From the intense personal unhappiness and depression into which the break had sunk him.
Back in the U.S., Hughes made a sharp turn to the political left. His verses and essays were now being published in New Masses, a journal controlled by the Communist Party. Later that year he began touring.
The renaissance which was long over was substituted for Hughes by a sense of the need for political struggle and for an art that reflected this radical approach. But his career, unlike others then, easily survived the end of that movement. He kept on producing his art in holding with his sense of himself as a fully expert writer. He then published his first collections, the often acerbic and even embittered The Ways of White Folks.
Hughes' main concern was now, the theatre. Mulatto, his drama of race-mixing and the South was the longest running play by an African American on Broadway until Lorraine Hansberry's A Raisin in the Sun appeared in the 1960's. His dramas - comedies and ramas of domestic black American life, largely - were also favorite with black audiences. Using such innovations as theatre-in-the-round and invoking audience participation, Hughes staggering the work of later avant-garde dramatists like Amiri Baraka and Sonia Sanchez. In his drama Hughes combines urban dialogue, folk idioms, and a thematic emphasis on the dignity and impel of black Americans.
Hughes wrote other plays, including comedies such as limited Ham (1936) and a historical drama, Emperor of Haiti (1936) most of which were only moderate successes. In 1937 he spent several months in Europe, including a long stay in besieged Madrid. In 1938 he returned home to found the Harlem Suitcase Theater, which staged his agitprop drama Don't You Want to Be Free? employing several of his poems, vigorously blended black nationalism, the blues, and socialist exhortation. The same year, a socialist club published a pamphlet of his radical verse, "A New Song."
With the start of World War Ii, Hughes returned to the political centre. The Big Sea, his first volume of his autobiography work with its memorable portrait of the renaissance and his African voyages written in an episodic, lightly comic style with virtually no mention of his leftist sympathies appeared.
In his book of verse Shakespeare in Harlem (1942) he once again sang the blues. On the other hand, this collection, as well as another, his Jim Crow's Last Stand (1943), strongly attacked racial segregation.
In poetry, he revived his interest in some of his old themes and forms, as in Shakespeare in Harlem (1942).the South and West, taking poetry to the people. He read his poems in churches and in schools. He then sailed from New York for the Soviet Union. He was surrounded by a band of young African-Americans invited to take part in a film about American race relations.
This filmmaking venture, though unsuccessful, proved instrumental to enhancing his short story writing. For whilst in Moscow he was struck by the similarities between D. H. Lawrence's character in a title story from his variety The Lovely Lady and Mrs Osgood Mason. Overwhelmed by the power of Lawrence's stories, Hughes began writing short fiction of his. On his return to the U. S.. By 1933 he had sold three stories and had begun compiling his first collection.
Perhaps his finest literary achievement during the war came in writing a weekly column in the Chicago Defender from 1942 to 1952. The feature of which was an offbeat Harlem character called Jesse B. Semple, or Simple, and his exchanges with a staid narrator in a neighborhood bar, where easy commented on a variety of matters but generally about race and racism. easy became Hughes's most illustrious and favorite fictional creation. And one of the freshest, most curious and enduring Negro characters in American fiction Jesse B Simple, is a Harlem Everyman, whose comic manner hardly obscured some of the serious themes raised by Hughes in relating Simple's exploits in the quintessential "wise-fool' whose feel and uneducated insights capture the frustrations of being black in America.. His honest and unsophisticated eye sees through the shallowness, hypocrisy and phoniness of white and black Americans alike. From his stool at Paddy's Bar, in a delightful brand of English, easy comments both wisely and hilariously on many things but principally on race and women.
His bebop-shaped poem Montage of a Dream Deferred (1991) projects a changing Harlem, fertile with humanity but in decline. In it, the drastically deteriorated state of Harlem in the 1950s is contrasted to the Harlem of the 20s. The exuberance of night-club life and the vitality of cultural renaissance has now gone. An urban ghetto plagued by poverty and crime has taken its place. A convert in rhythm parallels the convert in tone. The plane patterns and gentle melancholy of blues music are substituted by the abrupt, fragmented buildings of post-war jazz and bebop. Hughes was alert to what was happening in the African-American world and what was coming. This is why this volume of verse reflected so much the new and relatively new be-bop jazz rhythms that emphasized dissonance They thus reflected the new pressures that were straining the black communities in the cities of the North.
Hughes' living much of his life in basements and attics brought much realism and humanity to his writing especially his short stories. He thus remained close to his vast communal as he kept curious figuratively through the basements of the world where his life is thickest and where coarse people struggle to make their way. At the same time, writing in attics, he rose to the long perspective that enabled him to radiate a humanizing, beautifying, but still particular light on what he saw.
Hughes' short stories reflect his whole purpose as a writer. For his art was aimed at interpreting "the beauty of his own people," which he felt they were taught either not to see or not to take pride in. In all his stories, his humanity, his particular and artistic presentations of both racial and national truth - his prosperous mediation between the beauties and the terrors of life nearby him all shine out. inescapable themes, technical excellencies or communal insights loom out.
"Slave in the Block" for example, a easy but vivid tale reveals the lack of respect and even human communication, between Negroes and those patronizing and cosmetic whites.
Hughes also took time to write for children producing the prosperous Popo and Fifina (1932), a tale set in Haiti with Arna Bontemps. He at last published a dozen children's books, on subjects such as jazz, Africa, and the West Indies. Proud of his versatility, he also wrote a commissioned history of the Naacp and the text of a much praised pictorial history of black America The Sweet Flypaper of Life (1955), where he explicated photographs of Harlem by Roy DeCarava, which was judged masterful by reviewers, and confirmed Hughes's prestige for an unrivaled command of the nuances of black urban culture.
Hughes's suffered constant harassment about his ties to the Left. In vain he protested he had never been a Communist having severed all such links. In 1953 he was subjected to communal humiliation at the hands of Senator Joseph McCarthy, when he was forced to appear in Washington, D.C., and testify officially about his politics. Hughes denied that he had ever been a communist but conceded that some of his radical verse had been ill-advised.
Hughes's occupation hardly suffered from this. Within a short time McCarthy himself was discredited. Hughes now wrote at length in I Wonder as I meander (1956), his much-admired second volume of autobiography. About his years in the Soviet Union. He became prosperous, although he all the time had to work hard for his portion of prosperity. In the 1950s he turned to the musical stage for success, as he sought to repeat his major success of the 1940s, when Kurt Weill and Elmer Rice had chosen him as the lyricist for their road Scene (1947). This output was hailed as a breakthrough in the amelioration of American opera; for Hughes, the apparently endless cycle of poverty into which he had been locked came to an end. He bought a home in Harlem.
By the end of his life Hughes was almost universally recognized as the most representative writer in the history of African American literature and also as probably the most customary of all black American poets. He thus became the widely acknowledged "Poet Laureate" of the Negro Race!
According to Arnold Rampersad, an authority on Hughes:
Much of his work illustrious the beauty and dignity and Humanity of black Americans. Unlike other writers Hughes basked in the glow of the obviously high regard of his customary audience, African Americans. His poetry, with its customary jazz and blues influence and its distinguished democratic commitment, is almost easily the most influential written by any man of African descent in this century. inescapable of his poems; "Mother to Son" are virtual anthems of black American life and aspiration. His plays alone... Could obtain him a place in AfroAmerican literary history. His character easy is the most memorable particular form to emerge from black journalism. 'The Negro Artist and the Racial Mountain' is timeless, "it seems as a statement of constant dilemma facing the young black artist, caught between the contending military of black and white culture'
Liberated by the examples of Carl Sandburg's free verse Hughes' poetry has all the time aimed for utter directness and simplicity. In this regard, is the conception that he almost never revised his work seeming like romantic poets who believe and demonstrate that poetry is a 'spontaneous overflow of emotions".
Like Walt Whitman, Hughes's great poetic forefather in America's poetry..., Hughes did believe in the poetry of Emotion, in the power of ideas and feelings that went beyond matters of technical crafts. Hughes never wanted to be a writer who carefully sculpted rhyme and stanzas and in so doing lost the emotional heart of what he had set out to say.
His poems imbued with the distinctive diction and cadences of Negro idioms in easy stanza patterns and literal, rhyme schemes derived from blues songs enabled him to capture the ambience of the setting as well as the rhythms of jazz music.
He wrote mostly in two modes/directions:
(i) lyrics about black life using rhythms and refrains from jazz and
blues.
(ii) Poems of racial protest
exploring the boundaries between black and white America. Thus contributing to the strengthening of black consciousness and racial pride than even the Harlem Renaissance's legacy for its most militant decades. While never militantly repudiating co-operation with the white community, the poems which protest against white racism are boldly direct.
In "The Negro Speaks of Rivers" the easy direct and free verse makes clear that Africa's dusky rivers run concurrently with the poet's soul as he draws spiritual impel as well as individual identity from the communal feel of his ancestors. The poem is according to Rampersad "reminding us that the syncopated beat which the captive Africans brought with them "that found its first expression here in "the hand clapping, feet stamping, drum-beating rhythms of the human heart (4 - 5), is as 'ancient as the world."
But what Hughes is better known for is his medicine of the possibilities of African-American experiences and identities. Like Walt Whitman, he created a persona that speaks for more than himself. His voice in "I too" for instance absorbs the depiction of a whole race into his central consciousness as he laments:
I, too, sing America
I am the darker brother.
I, too, am America.
The "darker brother" celebrating America is inescapable of a better time to come when he will no longer be shunted aside by "company". The poem is characteristic of Hughes's faith in the racial consciousness of African Americans, a consciousness that reflects their integrity and beauty while simultaneously demanding respect and acceptance from others as especially when: Nobody '/I dare Say to me, Eat in the kitchen.
This dogged resistance and optimism in facing adversity is what Hughes' life centred on.thus enabling him to survive and perform in spite of the obstacles facing him. As Rampersad affirms:.
'Toughness was a major characteristic of Hughes' life. For his life was hard. He easily knew poverty and humiliation at the hands of people with far more power and money than he had and limited respect for writers, especially poets. through all his poverty and hurt, Hughes kept on a steady keel. He was a gentleman, a soft man in many ways, who was sympathetic and affectionate, but was tough to the core.
Hughes's poetry reveals his hearty appetite for all humanity, his insistence on justice for all, and his faith in the transcendent possibilities of joy and hope that make room as he aspires in 'I too', for everyone at America's table.
This deep love for all humanity is echoed in one of his poems: 'My People" some lines of which were earlier referred to:
The night is beautiful,
so the faces of my people,
the stars are beautiful,
so the eyes of my people
Beautiful, also, is the sun
Beautiful also, are the souls of my people
Arnold Rampersad's last word on Hughes's humanity, is anchored on three principal attributes: his tenderness; generosity and his sense of humour.
Hughes was also tender. He was a man who lovse other people and was beloved. It was very hard to find whatever who had known him who would say a harsh thing about him. people who knew him could remember limited that wasn't pleasant of him. Evidently, he radiated joy and humanity and this was how he was remembered after his death.
He loved the enterprise of people. He needed to have people nearby him. He needed them Perhaps to counter the principal loneliness instilled in his soul from early in his life and out of which he made his literary art.
Hughes was a man of great generosity. He was compassionate to the young and the poor, the needy; he was compassionate even to his rivals. He was compassionate to a fault, giving to those who did not all the time deserve his kindness. But he was ready to risk ingratitude in order to help younger artists in particular and young people in general.
Hughes was a man of laughter, although his laughter almost all the time came in the presence of tears or the threat of the surge of tears. The titles of his first novel Not Without Laughter and a variety of stories Laughing to Keep from Crying. Indicate this. This was essentially how he believed life must be faced - with the knowledge of its inescapable loneliness and pain but with an awareness, too, of the therapy of laughter by which we articulate the human in the face of circumstances. We must reach out to people, and one should not only have an spectacular, tolerance of life's sufferings but should also exuberantly complete the happy aspect of life.
His sense of humour is again credited by a writer from Africa who was like Hughes also faced with fighting racial discrimination and deprivation, Ezekiel Mphahlele.
Here is a man with a boundless zest for life... He has an irrepressible sense of humour, and to meet him is to come face to face with the essence of human goodness. In spite of his literary success, he has earned himself the respect of young Negro writers, who never find him unwilling to help them along. And yet he is not condescending. Unlike most Negroes who come to be illustrious or prosperous and move to high-class residential areas, he has prolonged to live in Harlem, which is in sense a Negro ghetto, in a house which he purchased with money earned as lyricist for the Broadway musical road Scene.
In explaining and illustrating the Negro health in America as was his stated vocation, Hughes captured their joys, and the veiled weariness of their lives, the monotony of their jobs, and the veiled weariness of their songs. He ended this in poems distinguished not only for their directness and simplicity but for their economy, Syn. Clearness and wit. either he was writing poems of racial protest like "Harlem" and "Ballad of the Landlord" or poems of racial affirmation like' mum to Son' and 'The Negro Speaks of Rivers,' Hughes was able to find language and forms to express not only the pain of urban life but also its spectacular, vitality.
Further Reading:
Gates, Henry, Louis and Mc Kay Nellie, Y. (Gen. Ed) The Norton
Anthology of African American Literature, N.W. Norton & Co; New York & London 1997
Hughes, Langston, "The Negro Artist and the Racial Mountain" 1926. Rpt
in Nathan Huggins ed. Voices from the Harlem Renaissance Oxford
University Press, New York, 1976
Mphahlele, Ezekiel, "Langston Hughes," in Introduction to African
Literature (ed) Ulli Beier, Longman, London 1967
Rampersad, Arnold, The life of Langston Hughes Vol. 1 & 11 Oxford
University Press, N. York, 1986
Trotman, James, (ed), Langston Hughes: The Man, His Art and His
Continuing influence Garland Publishing Inc. N.
York & London 1995
Black Literature Criticism
The Oxford Companion to African American Literature., Oxford University Press,.1997
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